This module intends to introduce first year history of art students to the concept of colour, in its several dimensions: to the scientific definition of colour as a physical fact; to its cultural and symbolic values; and to the different artistic approaches and solutions to the use of colour.
The module aims to identify general principles in the use of colour by artists and its perception by scholars and the public, through an overview of the evolution of said principles.
Introductory bibliography:
• Lamb, T. and Bourriau, (eds.), Colour: Art & Science. Cambridge, 1995.
A good general collection of essays that cover most topics in the course.
• Paul Zelanski and Mary Pat Fisher, Color. Prentice Hall, 1999 (3rd edition).
A highly recommended general introduction to colour, very thorough and yet easily readable. Unfortunately this book is not in the Library and is currently out of print, but it can be found for very reasonable prices on both Abebooks (www.abebooks.co.uk) and Amazon (www.amazon.co.uk). Note: the UK and US 3rd editions differ only in the spelling of the word Colour in the title.
A full bibliography is posted on the noticeboard.
Lectures
Thursdays, 10am -11am in H060
Week 7, Thursday 10 November: What is colour?
All students read: Definition of “colour” in The Dictionary of Art, ed. Jane Turner, reference section in the Library (N31.D4).
Week 8, Thursday 17 November: The interaction of colour.
All students read: Paul Zelanski and Mary Pat Fisher, ‘Compositional Effects of Color’ and ‘Color combinations and Interactions’, in Color, pp. 44–54 and 105–29.
Week 9, Thursday 24 November: Historic colour.
All students read: David Bomford, ‘The History of colour in Art’, in Colour: Art and Science, ed. Lamb and Bourriau, pp. 7–30 (ND1488.C6).
Week 10, Thursday 1 December: A case study: the restoration of the Sistine Chapel.
All students read: Marcia B. Hall, ‘Michelangelo, the Sistine Chapel vault’, in Color and Meaning: Practice and Theory in Renaissance Painting, pp. 123–9 (ND1488.H2).
Term essays
Essays should be no longer than 1,500 words. Those of you writing essays for this module should submit them no later than Thursday 1 December.
Essay question: Why has traditional art history identified Titian as a colourist and Michelangelo as a draughtsman and sculptor?
Seminars
Thursdays, 11.15–12.30 and 12.45–2pm in seminar room H244
Topic 1: The moral and cultural values of colour.
One of the best-studied and most influential dynamics throughout art history has been the dialectic between design, or drawing, and colour. It underwent several incarnations between the Renaissance and the 19th century, and came to prominence in France in the 17th century with the Poussinistes and Rubensistes dispute. We will see how colour was imbued with certain meanings and characteristics during these debates, and why. Equally, the pervasiveness and at the same time elusiveness of colour makes it an intriguing subject of study from a psychological point of view; we will see different theories of colour which hinge on the alleged psychological and physiological properties of different colours and colour combinations.
Photocopies of relevant reading will be available in the box in the office, if the book(s) aren’t available in the Library.
Topic 1.1: The Florentine / Venetian Renaissance polarity: disegno vs. colorito.
Students doing this presentation read:
– Moshe Barasch, Light and colour in the Italian Renaissance Theory of Art. Introduction.
– David Rosand, “Venetian aesthetic and the Disegno-Colorito controversy”, in Painting in Sixteenth-century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto, pp.10–25.
– Bridget Riley, “Colour for the painter”, in Lamb, Trevor, and Janine Bourriau (eds.). Colour: Art & Science, chp. 2.
– An essay on Titian’s Venus of Urbino: link
For the presentation, bring two slides, one of a painting by Botticelli and one by Titian. Compare them and find examples of the points raised by the texts read.
Topic 1.2: The French Académie: Rubensistes vs. Poussinistes.
Students doing this presentation read:
– Linda Walsh, “Charles Le Brun, ‘art dictator of France’”, in Perry & Cunningham, Academies, Museums and Canons of Art, pp. 86–123.
– Jacqueline Lichtenstein, “The clash between color and drawing; or, the tactile destiny of the idea”, in The Eloquence of Color: Rhetoric and Painting in the French Classical Age, pp. 138–68.
– Bridget Riley, “Colour for the painter”, in Lamb, Trevor, and Janine Bourriau (eds.). Colour: Art & Science, chp. 2.
For the presentation, bring two slides, one of a painting by Rubens and one by Poussin. Compare them and find examples of the points raised by the texts read.
Topic 1.3: Colour in 18-19th century British art theory: from Reynolds to Ruskin.
Students doing this presentation read:
– J.B. Bullen, “A clash of discourses: Venetian painting in England 1750–1850”, in Word & Image, vol. 8, no. 2, April-June 1992.
– Sir Joshua Reynolds, Fourth Discourse.
For the presentation, bring a slide of a work by Reynolds and discuss why his theory and practice were at such odds.
Topic 1.4: Ingres and Delacroix.
Students doing this presentation read:
– Bridget Riley, “Colour for the painter”, in Lamb, Trevor, and Janine Bourriau (eds.). Colour: Art & Science, chp. 2.
– Hugh Honour, Romanticism, pp. 46–55, 125–8.
– Robert Rosenblum, Ingres. Thames & Hudson, 1967. Check the index for references to the relationship between Ingres and Delacroix.
For the presentation, bring a slide of The Death of Sardanapalus _or _The Women of Algiers _by Delacroix, and _Jupiter and Thetis _or _La Grande Odalisque by Ingres, and compare them with reference to the painting/drawing dichotomy.
Topic 1.5: The psychology of colour.
Students doing this presentation read:
– Ernst Gombrich, “Expression and communication”, in Meditations on a Hobby Horse.
– Color Psychology & Personality test and website design: link . Includes the Lüscher test, Chromotherapy and colour healing among other things.
– The mystical properties of colours: www.crystalinks.com/colors.html
– An article about the colour blue in advertising, with many comments posted afterwards: link
– This design website lists some emotional and cultural values of colour, and what they can be applied to in design and advertising: link
– An article about colour in design and marketing: link
– “Color by numbers”: research data concerning colour and demographic trends, in American Demographics, Feb 1, 2002, link
– Zelanski and Fisher, “Psychological Effects of Color”, in Color, chp. 4.
For the presentation, take the Lüscher test and see if it applies to you; if time and technology allow it, we will repeat the experiment during the seminar. Find examples where colour has been used to achieve a certain psychological or physiological effect, for instance packaging design, advertising, home decoration, gardening etc. You can bring them to the seminar as paper clippings, transparencies, PowerPoint presentations, etc.
Topic 2: Colour scales and schemes.
During this seminar we will review the concepts of colour scales (hue or spectral colour, saturation, and brightness or value). Students will demonstrate their understanding of the concepts learned by creating a colour scale, with either hue, saturation or brightness values, and will compare it to at least one work of art of their choice. Therefore, each group of students (three groups in total) will create an A3-sized colour scale out of magazine clippings, colour swatches from paint manufacturers, etc., and present it, with the aid of slides of a work of art or several that follow that same scale.