Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Exercise 6

Your Great Uncle died and left you a company that you have neither the time nor inclination to run – hence you want to sell. Set out the options for which type of buyer might be interested and the differences in likely value that they might place on the business. Conclude by deciding which buyer you hope will buy it and describe why.

This situation is special for me because a have lived a similar experience with a old bread factory of my family. This company was founded by my grandfather and his brother. The firm grew with a lot of effort and difficulties but was able to create several little shops of sell bread. Over time the next generation had the opportunity of follow with the business but not all members had the opportunity of be proprietary of the shops although they were proprietary of the factory. For a lot of years nobody said nothing because the second generation was essential to the growth of the company in the origin hence they was the managers of the company. When arrived the time of retired, everybody launched his hands to the neck of managers and theirs descendant because they wanted to follow with the factory in order hold the value added to theirs shops.

With this situation the company fall its profit and every year the situation was worse because the investment and maintenance greatly decreased due to everybody wanted get dividends. With this situation several options was evaluated by each member of the whole family. Below I will show some of the main option that was exposed

• Siphoning cash. This option meant continue with the current situation. And obviously, that will be the worst option because nobody earns enough.
• Transfer of ownership in family firms. With this option the company follows in hands of the family and retains its values if the buyer is one family member. I and the rest of the family could see how the illusion of the previous family generation continues alive. The knowledge of the market and capabilities are safe but the problem is that the price of sell will be below of market price, and not all owners can be agree with this option.
• Partial harvest and exit. To analyze this option is important to say that the company had the location of its main asset in Madrid city centre and there was a lot of sellers with intention of make a new building of luxury apartments. With this option the family could divide the money and could move the business outside of the city centre with the investment of the parts of the family interested on it.
• Acquisition for another company of the sector. It important to remark that the company had several employees working on it, some of them were of the family and not only at management level. Also it is important remark that the value added for the shops was that the bread was made with a traditional methods and near of the point of sell with high degree of acceptance between the customers. With the merge or acquisition the new company can increase the efficiency using economy of scale strategies, recover the morale of the employees, and hold the confidence of the customers.
• Management Buy in. The option of find a group of people in order to manage the company was discarded from the outset because everybody considered that the knowledge of the market and situation with the shops was important and to lose the management will mean to lose the company. In my opinion likely nobody thought that some of the profit troubles were due to the restrictions in take decisions according with family interests over of the aspects of business.
• Management Buy Out. This option was the same that transfer the ownership to some family member. That would be really very good option in order to continue with the activity but the market price of the main asset of the company, the location in city centre, was too high and the company would need a big restructure with a great investment and financing.

At the end the option chose was a mix between some of then, because the company was sold to a builder for a high price even over market price and some members of the family carry on an agreement with him to keep the ground floor and continue with partial business but not with the manufacture.

The acquisition might have been a good option but loosing the ownership and the management of company.

In my opinion the 'partial harvest and exit' alternative was very good option, but not the loss of manufacturing that was the origin of company. My recommendations was follow th Partial harvest and exit but continuing with the production activity in another place outside the downtown and managed by me.

References

Andrew Burke (2009). ‘Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation’ Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

: 24 Oct 2009 23:08 |  Comments (1) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Exercise 1

Examine an industry that you are familiar with, and assess the nature of the start-ups in that industry. Give examples of no more than four of these start-up firms and allocate them to Bhide’s categories. Why might this matter to an incumbent firm?

All firms have a natural evolution like any living things, some day are created after growth, research the mature and finally died and / or transform. Depending of the first phases of the each business and follow the Bhide’s theory there are four types of business that are: marginal business, promising start-up that can follow evolution in VC-backed start-up or corporate initiatives and the last type y the revolutionary ventures.

The main factors that affect to the type of business are the Investment and Uncertainly. Investment refer to the irreversible commitment of fund, reputation or other resources that the individual or firm undertaking the initiative makes with the expectation or earning a return and the uncertainly refer to unmeasurable and unquantifiable risk (Frank Knight, 1921).

I have some knowledge about the IT industry but to illustrate this exercise I would like to give some examples in other sector as are the retail industry mainly the bakery and diary sectors.

The companies which levels of investment and uncertainly are low, belongs to the marginal business. Some examples are mobility sellers of diary products. One example of company with promising start-up could be DANONE that is a company that started to operate in Spain at the middle of the last century, and now is a very big multinational and is example of corporate venture. It started with a low level of investment and with high degree of uncertainly. BIMBO is an example of company that started to operate in Spain at the middle of the last century with a medium-high level of investment and uncertainly because it was a company that started with capital of Mexican investors and could be an example of the type of VC-backed start-ups.

About the revolutionary ventures type of business is complicate to identify it in this industry because it is very mature market and is very is difficult to launch a venture that ensures a high level of profits. But companies as DANONE can launch a unit of new healthy products. Using its knowledge in the market, the possibilities of inversion monetary, resources and technology can be a example of revolutionary venture with high profit.

As conclusion I would like to remark the importance that each company knows its type of business. These types or archetypes can help us build a compressive map of the typical features of entrepreneurial activity and the entrepreneur can be ready to learn of previous experiences.

References

Andrew Burke (2009). ‘Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation’ Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

Amar Bhidé (1999), 'The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses'. The Oxford University Press.

: 23 Oct 2009 23:46 |  Comments (1) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Exercise 5

Your business is bringing out a new product which adds on to an existing product, that you already produce. You are keen to ensure that the take up of the add-on product is high, but your manager needs to be assured that you are aware and mindful of anticompetitive practices. Set out the arguments you would give to your manager concerning what the business can and cannot do in this context.

Competition and antitrust laws have increased in importance in most economies and could provoke several limitations in the company strategy. In order to give an opinion about this issue is important to consider the laws that governed in the country's development activity and the environment in which it operates. International agreements like GATT let that the governments of different countries will be coordinated.

Some articles of the law has the intention of void agreements which enable monopolistic behaviours although there are several exception when the target of the initiatives are focused in aspect like enhance efficiency or promote the innovation.

To determinate if the new product can fall in anticompetitive practices is important to study external factors related with the impact in the market, suppliers, consumers and competitors. Also the internal factors as the profit can be a very influence factor if with the launch of the new product the company can increase its profit due to raise prices inordinately.

In the other hand any company has many responsibilities with its stakeholders and even its employees. And those are reasons to fight or even be on the boundaries of the law or the interpretation of laws.

I would like to mention an example of monopolistic behaviour as are the case of Microsoft and its well know browser called Internet Explorer. This product is given away with purchase of the operating system avoiding that the customers can acquire other browser. In this case the dominant position of Microsoft in the operating system market is used to prevent competition entry in the market by ensuring the monopoly of market.

Te argument to follow ahead with the new product is that in the market there are others products with similar characteristics, so the company does not practice monopolistic position in the market. The launch of this product is a bet based on the use of technology and innovation in order to get important levels of profit in free competition.

References

Andrew Burke (2009). ‘Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation’ Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

: 22 Oct 2009 23:03 |  Comments (0) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Exercise 2

There is a committee that considers strategic developments on the basis of business plans. It is concerned that it may be too risk averse and requires some new guidance on evaluating business plans. Having worked through the PORES how would you advise the committee?

First to all it is important to remark that I once that the first Business Plan has been done, a lot of troubles can be identify and manage. As said Delmar and Shane to write a business plan helps entrepreneurs to increase theirs capability, but does less true that before to make a business plan could be very important to make a PORES analysis. Through of this kind of analysis it is possible to identify the profit opportunity and the capability to exploit it reducing the risk of failure and maximize profit potential.

With the PORES analysis I can provide to the committee a list of key assumption that I can check and verify if them are correct. From an external point of view there are several aspects that inside of the company can always look like correct but really aren’t.

For these reason it is necessary to review the following: the initial conditions that provoked the new venture; validate the studies realized about the market identifying the buyers, suppliers, and competitors; analyze the resources that are necessary and check if the kind of resources are available or is required a specific skills that can increase the costs. With all of these characteristics that I can provide will be important to add a dynamic point of view because statics aspect are not enough to validate a business. The dynamic aspect should be studied over all characteristics that a business plan cover as are check if the new idea was consequence of solve a problem or is something that appear after to see a vision or strategy. That usually occurs in development of software because a lot of people forget the labour of IT architects that always try to be according with the enterprise architecture. I can to determinate if the study of market have been done thinking in the new competitors or the growth possibilities of the new venture and if have been done a macro economic analysis identifying the risk (i.e. the increase of interest) and creating a mitigation plans.

Once that the key assumptions have been identified and checked with this model we can to review the profitability of each one and try to analyze if the best strategy to exploit it has been chosen.

References

Andrew Burke (2009. ‘Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation’ Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

: 21 Oct 2009 06:12 |  Comments (2) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Exercise 3

Discuss an idea for a new product that will create a new industry niche. To convince others of your idea you need to set out the likely scenario for how the new niche will develop in terms of competition, numbers of firms and how firms compete over time.

Idea background

Some of the most routine labours that are not very much recognized are the home cleaning. In the latest years all the adults’ members of the family (usually the parents) are working almost all day, without too much time to enjoy of theirs children. Some people have the possibility of outsourcing the clean services of his home, but not all of them. Also in the latest years have been a lot of advanced in the clean products that increase its efficiency and decrease its price hence the parents can have more free time to enjoy with his family and can save money, even if they buy clean services.

Then we have studied the idea of launch a new product to the market of clean product's that let to the cleaners to clean the glasses more efficiently, and even forgot that they must to clean the glasses. We are talking about of the automatic cleaner of window glasses. It is device that is put in the window and automatically it starts to clean and stops according with the schedule parameters.

Factors of Industry Evolution

There are several factors that have influence in the decision of launch a new product, its strategy, performance and its exit strategy, some of them are the macroeconomic situation, the regional variation and the industry evolution. According with the industry evolution there are three topics that are important to analyze with more detail to be clear that these will not are problematic during the life of product and we will be ready to launch the appropriate response if that appear. These three factors are the barriers of entry, the minimum efficient scale and the competitive process and business shakeouts.

First to explain with a little bit of detail over these topics is necessary remark that the region where initially will be launched will be Spain. Although now in terms of macroeconomic situation is not the best moment, we think that in Spain the weather is not bad during a lot of time of the year and there are a lot of hours of sun light each day. That is a important factors to clean the glasses of the windows.

• Barriers of entry

The new product is a technological product and required a lot of investment, hence money and financial resources. For these reason the main barrier could be the switching cost, because the price of the product will be more expensive that a simple rag and bucket. Nonetheless the situation can change with appropriate level of advertisement explaining to the customer the benefits in long terms.

• The minimum efficient scale.

Only a few companies can develop the technology to make the product. It is a product differentiation that needs specific components. The new product will have the company patent in order to fight against the copies.

• The competitive process and business shakeouts.

About the competitive process we have already explained some aspects in the last two paragraphs. We can think that if there are specific components, we can have troubles with the suppliers, but there is not problem because the raw components are very common (‘circuits’) but has a specific firmware made by the company.

In order to be prepared for a shakeout, some of the best solution is to sell the patent but another can be use the infrastructure available in develop new products with similar technology.

As conclusion in the follow table we can see the evolution of the new product over the time identify the most important characteristics:

References

Andrew Burke (2009. ‘Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation’ Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

George S. Day. ‘Strategies for Surviving a Shakeout’, Harvard Business review March-April 1997.

: 21 Oct 2009 05:55 |  Comments (1) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Exercise 4

There is the opportunity to lead a new team that will introduce a new (or substantially amended) service. Conduct a self-assessment exercise as suggested in the notes and outline how your sectoral, managerial and personal skills match the service.

The quality of the people involved in a new venture is most important than the strength of he business idea. The key to effectiveness to carry on any task is the combination of ability and effort. With the self-assessment we can assess whether a individual has the ability to perform the task required for profit exploitation and has the enough motivation to do this.

To carry on the self assessment there are three steps that should be performed, these are: study the own life experience, a formal audit of business sector managerial and personal skills, and at the end seeks to identify important goals in one’s life. I am going to focus on developing the analysis of the step two, identifying my strengths and weaknesses to respond aspects of Sector Skills, Management Ability and Personal attributes.

Personals Skills

In order to identify fits and gaps I am going to use the Belbin’s (1984) managerial profiling of people’s managerial styles. Through of this framework, I have answered seven questions in order to identify which one is the most appropriate profile for me.

Figure.1. Belbin’s team role profiles.

The result of the test show that I fit better with the Coordinator profile and Completer finisher. Both are very good profiles in order to carry on the launch of the new service, but would be convenient that the team have some profile with creativity and team builder.

Personal Aspirations

I have lived in a family with own business and for a lot of time I have thought to avoid the familiar business and follow my own way in a big company. Nonetheless it is difficult to forget the intention to create your own company, mainly because is a way to satisfy a lot of aspirations as are be able to carry on a firm, create employment, etc… Currently I am working in IBM and is a company that can help me to get my own goals, because it's a company where I can get the knowledge, experience and networking necessary to create a company or to have the opportunity of manage a department where carry on the goals aimed at developing technologies and products that make life easier for others.

References:

Andrew Burke (2009. ‘Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation’ Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

Belbin Web Site:

http://www.belbin.com/rte.asp?id=2

http://www.belbin.com/

: 19 Oct 2009 22:46 |  Comments (1) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Human Resource Management Lesson 8 Exercise

1.- With reference to your own business experience, critically evaluate the idea that there is a business case for family friendly working practices.

In my experience I am and I have been in corporations where there are implemented in high degree the family friendly working practices, IBM is a example where there are a lot of programs to promote this practices, like IT facilities to work from home, flexible timetable, part-time options, sabbatical year, agreements with nurseries etc… But I have also known another kind of jobs and another sectors where the use of these kind of practices is quite complex. Obviously in the most of the occidental countries there are some directives and laws focused to guarantee a minimum of policies (i.e. parental leave), in this sense and depending of the degree of socialization of these countries can help to the workers with different weight (i.e. in the Nordic countries the social helps are higher than in other European countries as Spain) but in my opinion the governments has the responsibility to encourage such practices for companies seeking to implement it.

Some of the main arguments found in the policy statements of different countries (UK, Spain, etc..) are focused to explain that the performance of employees who have difficulty balancing the demands of work and family show symptoms of demotivation hence decreases in theirs productivity. There are other important benefits to the organization like for example the financial performance, labour productivity, and decrease of days of absence. With this picture to address such a business case could be a good plan to increase the benefits of the company although not always is possible to get it.

Currently the companies where have been implemented these practices has a common characteristics like are: it are in large organisations, mainly in public sector, lower degrees of competition, existence of trade unions, larger proportions of women, etc. All these common characteristics can be seen as negative points because looks like that not all companies are ready to implement these practices, although there are some research (Harris and Foster, 2005 p.9) that demonstrate that small firms could operate in highly informal and flexible way.

Using these kind of practices give a lot of benefits for employer and for the employee but each company should analyze what types of benefits they want to reach and make a profile of options about the family friendly working practices in order to fit it with theirs needs, for example if one company wants to reduce the labour turnover can implement practices like job-share, flexi-time or working at or from home.

As conclusion I would like to express my opinion about this issue, because as employee this topic affect directly to my own life. I think that the implementation of these practices some times can be a trick because the companies offer a several opportunities to use some of these practices, but at the moment that someone uses some of them can have some difficulties to promotion. Another situation that I have experimented is that before to work in companies with these practices I had a personal life, but after with the use of these practices is complicate to separate the job and the family and now the job is another member of the family.

References

Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2008), 'Human Resource Management at Work' (4th edn), London: CIPD.

Helen Newell (2009), Human Resources Management Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

Flexibility Web Site.

Family-friendly employment: who's doing what and why: http://www.flexibility.co.uk/issues/WLB/rowntree1.htm

: 07 Jun 2009 22:02 |  Comments (1) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Human Resource Management Lesson 7 Exercise

1.- What implicit expectations do you and the employees you manage/work with have of your employer?

My expectation and the expectations of the majority of my peers and the people that is managed by me in my current project are the following:

• Reward, Some of the main expectation for me and for a lot of people of my environment is to have a fair reward to the contribution of each one. But don’t only refer to the money; refer to rewards that include recognition.
• Career Plan, although somebody can consider it as rewards, I think that it isn’t because create a career plan for the employees is beneficial for both employer and employees.
• Knowledge, maintain the level of knowledge is essential to “no manual” jobs, because is the force and value of the organization.
• Visibility, I think that is very important to know why things occur inside of the company. A lot of decisions about my daily work could be easier to understand with more information.
• Satisfaction with the job because it fits perfectly with the expectative, for example to have a non-routine work and satisfaction for a job well done. These characteristics are very complicated to reach but in my opinion is the base of the performance of the employees.

In conclusion, my expectation is that the employer complies with the psychological contract and I try to have enough value in the market in order to be able of defending the contract even try to getting better. In these sense this kind of contract is more relational than transactional contract (Rousseau and Parkes 1993, Marchington and Wilkinson 2005, p.34).

2.- Analyse how and why these expectations might be different from the implicit expectations in another organisation with which you are familiar.

I am going to refer to the expectation in companies that operate in different sectors and jobs with nature of Service Shop process against the nature of the process of my current job that is Professional Services. (Slack et al. ,p. 108). These kinds of contracts are more transactional than relational

In jobs with nature of Service Shop, the expectations are similar for those related with the rewards and some about the career plan but understanding only as progression in responsibility and rewards. There are additional expectations as are: job security and fixed working hours. In conclusion this kind of contract is more transactional than relational.

3.- How convincing do you find the idea of the psychological contract as a theoretical framework for understanding the employment relationship?

The concept of psychological contract is really recent, Herriot, Carole and Pemberton in 1995, Guest in 1998 and Denise Rousseau in 2001 are some examples that showed interest in the psychological contracts following the original studies of Argyris in 1960 but currently this concept is a highly followed in organizations. In my opinion these kinds of definitions or studies appear as result of analysis of the real life, and step to step the cycle continues because the new managers and employees are aware of these analyses and they provoke the evolution of the behaviour of employees and employers.

I think that this concept is a framework that could be very useful to understand the employment relationship, it can help us to know how think each side of the psychological contract. Meet the expectation and obligations of each side are important to feel satisfaction and job security. Nonetheless the expectations of each side can change depending of the personal situations (ages, kind of job, etc...) or stages of life (Hall, 1976), in this sense the ability to tackle challenges and the timing to do the things can change along the time, being a cause of break the relation and the psychological contract.

References

Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2008), 'Human Resource Management at Work' (4th edn), London: CIPD.

Helen Newell (2009), Human Resources Management Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

Corbett, M. (2007) Organisational Behaviour Lessons Notes, Warwick Business School. 2007

: 07 Jun 2009 22:02 |  Comments (1) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Human Resource Management Lesson 6 Exercise

1.- Thinking about an organisation that you know well, evaluate the extent to which it conforms with the LO model.

There are several definitions of Learning Organizations (LO) and some of them try to summarize the nature of LO in a shorts words, I like the definitions of Peter Senge (1990: 3):

“…organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together.”

This definition looks like that speaks about subjective issues but there are some aspects that indicate if a organization has LO or not. I going to base my analysis on my personal experience in the company that I have spoken before, Lucent. As is a American Company has got several points similar to IBM then it will be interesting to compare both.

To analyse how Lucent fits into an LO model I'll focus my analysis on the approach of the work of Senge (1990), Argyris and Schon (1996), Argyris (1991), and Schon (1983), analysing the following five aspects: Personal mastery, Mental models, Building shared vision, Team learning, Systems thinking.

• Personal mastery: In my experience the degree of personal commitment was high and one of the main reasons was because I was younger than the median of my department. I think that the commitment is related with the opportunity to promote and the positions of Lucent were quite frozen.

• Mental models: This point was developed moderately in Lucent because frequently there were pictures with different messages in the meetings rooms in order to learn a specific culture.

• Building shared vision: This characteristic was very well implemented in the company because the managers towards periodical meetings with the team and there was a lot of corporative meetings in order to go in the same direction.

• Team learning: Some of the more important things in the company is to share the knowledge, in Lucent some times the departments was very independents and individualistic.

• Systems thinking: Act as a system is complicated, and understood all the relations between departments too, but in Lucent was very well defined the goals of each, although with the problems of a big company.

As summary the degree of LO in Lucent was good because was a big company but this opinions have been done comparing with IBM in order to have one point of reference.

2.- What changes would need to take place within the organisation to make it a learning organisation?

Some of the main problems that I have identify is the lack of involvement of the human resources department, because the main weak point is the personal mastery and the team learning and these was due to the lack of a individual career plan and the lack in the incentives to the manager and employees in order to satisfy the sharing knowledge.

3.- To what extent do you think these changes are a) feasible and b) desirable?

I think these changes are desirable because against of a traditional organization LO offers several benefits for example: maintaining levels of innovation and remaining competitive, being better placed to respond to external pressures, etc …About if it is feasible I only see possible to make a plan of incentives or programs to increase the team learning.

Speaking about the developing the career plans to increase the motivation of employees, in my opinion I think that is not feasible because there are a lot of barriers. Surely will be more feasible that the involve of the human resource department increases in the promoting the LO culture because until this moment the learning issues was delegated in lines of business and I think that with the involve of the HR department a lot of efforts can be dedicated to the develop a real carrier plans that help to increase the motivation and commitment of the employees.

References

Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2008), 'Human Resource Management at Work' (4th edn), London: CIPD.

Helen Newell (2009), Human Resources Management Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

Web Site: ‘peter senge and the learning organization’, http://www.infed.org/thinkers/senge.htm

Wikipedia, ‘Learning organization‘, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_organization

: 07 Jun 2009 10:38 |  Comments (1) |  Close comments |  Report a problem

Human Resource Management Lesson 5 Exercise

1.- To what extent do you think that the employment relationship is necessarily based on conflict between employers and employees who have competing interests?

In my opinion the relationship between them should be mutual agreement in which both parties have something to offer although the conflicts always appear when there are relations between two or more parties. It’s very complicated to find an equilibrium point where all parties win, in fact these conflict are minimized only in organization where there are only one party as are the associations of employees (cooperatives).

In a conventional organization each party try to increase its benefits, from the point of view of employees they want to find employment security, quality, motivation, satisfaction, and certain level of reward. From the point of view of employments the aspect more important is the performance which one is a function of motivation and ability according to the Vroom studies (1964). But these aspects aren’t the only because are influenced by the external context (political, economics …) and by the internal aspects (employee capabilities and needs, levels of rewards or benefits …) in several ways.

The state of the economy and the markets modifies the rates of unemployed hence decrease the feeling about the employment security and after the motivation and performance decreases. With these circumstances the employment tries to find solutions complying with legal aspects and with the approval of the trade unions. This argument can be a cycle infinitely and each step is a situation of conflict between parties.

I think that would be good avoid the conflicts but it would be in a imaginary world where every variable would be constant. In a real world is usually to have conflicts where the fighting and bargaining power of each side are focused to increase their own interest. If we see the classification or topologies of conflicts in inter-group relation that are: fight, game and debate (see Wilson. 1999, p 178), the best is to move towards the game or debate topologies and avoid the fight.

2.- What factors influence the extent to which the employment relationship is harmonious or conflictual?

There are several factors that influence in the relationship and the most important in my opinion can be grouped in internal factors and external factors, theses groups can be analyzed at individual level or group level.

As external factors the most important are the status of the economy and legal-political situation, the power of the trade unions and the type of sectors where the company operate. As internal factors some of the most notable are the influence of employee relation decisions, employment security and flexibility, level of benefits that the company hope to reach, grade of commitment of employees and alignment with the company goals.

Depending of the style of management (Purcell, 1986) of each organization the relationship can be more harmonious or conflictual, if the style is consultative the relation will be intensive but in harmony, in opposite will be with traditional style because the degree of relation is low this situation leads to more ups and downs in the relationship even interventions with the trade unions.

References

Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2008), 'Human Resource Management at Work' (4th edn), London: CIPD.

Helen Newell (2009), Human Resources Management Study Notes, Warwick Business School.

Corbett, M. (2007) Organisational Behaviour Lessons Notes, Warwick Business School. 2007

Robert H. Rosenfeld & David C. Wilson (1999), ‘Managing Organizations’ (2^nd edn), Mc Graw Hill

Vroom, V.H., and P. Yetton (1973) Leadership and Decision Making, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.

Purcell, J. (1986), "Employee Relations Autonomy Within a Corporate Culture", Personnel Management, February.

: 07 Jun 2009 10:11 |  Comments (1) |  Close comments |  Report a problem