Writing about web page http://m.warwick.ac.uk
I was given the brief of developing a mobile website for the University of Warwick. The idea was that it should provide content for someone visiting the University who is using a mobile browser whether this was a new student, new member of staff or someone external to the University, the latter being the main target audience . At this stage other Universities that had mobile websites in the UK and further afield were surveyed. I looked at how the UI’s were structured, the type of content available and the urls.
From very early on in the project it was decided to write content specifically *for the mobile site, so that it was short and pertinent suiting the capabilities of the devices it would be viewed on.
Based on what the target audience might be trying to achieve, the first draft for pertinent content looked something like this:

This was to be a website maintained within the eLab Web Team so it was necessary to avoid creating a high maintenance website, that was large or with a lot of frequently changing information.
Other decisions that had to be made were:
- What technology/standards should we use for development?
- What url should we have?
- What structure shall we apply to the information?
- What should the UI look like?
A useful reference was the .dotMobi website, their guide called the “Mobile Web Developer’s Guide’ http://dev.mobi/node/197, the comparison of CSS http://dev.mobi/node/154#r1 and online emulator http://mtld.mobi/emulator.php. Also very helpful was the video “Google Developer Day London: Building a Mobile Website” on youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4dV9nIpHes.
From this and a survey of the web, we were able to define a set of guidelines for the creation of the website interface, as follows:-
• Have only a small logo
• For the navigational elements give each a number (0-9). Use 0 for home. Sort navigation elements by popularity
• Provide one content item per page
• Use color banding for sections, to give a sense of where you are
• Include a short strapline
• Have the Uof W phone number always at the bottom of the page
• All phone numbers should be selectable
• Keep text to the very minimum on each page
• Have not too many sections of navigation or go to deep, max drill-down 5 levels.
• Have a meaningful but short title bar
• Consider screen sizes
Screen sizes to consider
The smallest screensize for mobiles is something like 128×160 pixels and the largest 320×320 pixels. The width is the more important as pages are of course scrollable. It was decided to design our pages to fit 240 pixels in width. Some phones are smart enough to scroll for larger images or scale them. It was found when testing the pages on a variety of devices (bought, begged and borrowed) this size worked relatively well. We also figured that for the smaller screen sizes, the web surfing experience was just so horrible not many folks would be doing it!
Note well:
When sizing your image to fit the screen resolution, don’t forget about the browser furniture which is going to take up some screen real estate, the scrollbar etc, so your image needs to be slightly smaller.
What phones are our target audience using?
Nokia’s have most of the market share but which models was not know at this stage. Some time was spend looking for good statistics on actual models in use but this was hard if not impossible to find. (See survey).
Organising the content
The identification and organisation of the content was then a whiteboard and whiteboard rubber exercise. Applying the rules of not to many sections and not too deep.
The URL
m.warwick.ac.uk was registered as a short and simple url that is easy to type.
The Design of the UI
The detail of the content was thrashed out a bit more and a structure applied, some initial mockups of the home page and a subpage were created to see how it would all look put together.

This illustrated how restricted the space is and that at the top level many navigation sections would scroll of the screen.

A strong breadcrumb trail was designed in, main links given a number to allow quick getting backwards and forwards, as well as the university contact details at the bottom clearly visible.
Technology
As the content was being written or rewritten specifically for the mobile site it was decided not to use technology to repurpose existing content from Sitebuilder. This proved to be a wise choice, as when text was written it could be made very concise.
A possible option would have been to use the Sitebuilder CMS to generate mobile friendly markup or RSS.
So the technical decisions made were:
- Code in well formed, valid XHTML either XHTML basic and or XHTML –MP
- Validate every page ( validator.w3.org).
- Iinclude the correct encoding and doctype e.g.:
<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8” ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ”-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic11.dtd”>
- Test on as many phones/emulators as possible of high and low specification
- Don’t do any popups, refreshes or client side redirects, also avoid tables and anything very complex chances are it won’t work very well or be valid markup
- Page Weight keep to below 30k where possible, so the page loads reasonable quickly on a mobile
The site was build using XHTML Basic but was switched to XHTML-MP when it was realised this rendered better on Ipod Touch. The emulators provided on the .mobi site were used heavily initially whilst the pages were being built. Now testing with a suite of phones after any new page is constructed is done instead.
Each page really must be validated as these DocTypes are very strict and an apostrophe or unclosed element will generate an error. Literature about mobiles gave heavy warnings that malformed pages would not render and crash mobiles. This however has not been our experience and we have pulled frequently changing content from other pages in a form that is not XHTML friendly but yet still seems to render ok. *
What were the hardest challenges for the mobile site?*
Images and in particular maps turned out to be the hardest thing to do on the mobile site. To generate an image at the small dimensions and file size, with clear colours that could represent anything useful is challenging to say the least. Usually nice graphics on web sites are subtle in hue and shading. For the smaller more basic screen capabilities on mobiles this had to be turned on its head and go for bold, high contrast reduced colour palette images.
It was known from the start of the project that a map of campus would be needed. With the campus being so large a way to view parts of the map and to produce a map that would work at this resolution was important. What we’ve done to simplify the problem is to create a map of campus that you can move around in, with a nearby overview square. Buildings are numbered and a key below names them. Also implemented is a building search as an alternative way of finding places.
Rapidly changing information (such as news and events pages) was also a challenge for the mobile website. For news and events information has been embedded from the main University of Warwick website and wrapped to look like any other mobile website page. The same has been done for information for students about free computer seats seats.warwick.ac.uk which is fed directly from that website to the mobile site. A problem that has been found is that in some cases the native information is not available in the mobile profile doc type (XHTML-MP). This problem will be addressed with future iterations of the mobile site.
Survey
In October 2007 the opportunity of adding questions to a survey of new and returning students undertaken by QUAD Research every year was available. The views of new students and returning students, would be similar to the target audience of outside visitors who had no knowledge of the university and what they might need to know on first arriving here, so would be useful to validate content choices made. 1799 students both new (946) and returning (853) filled in the survey.
QUAD reported:
_“Respondents were asked to select five things from a list they felt would be most important if Warwick had a website created specifically for use with mobile devices.
As might be expected maps of Campus, places to eat and drink and directions to Campus were considerably more important to new students than returning. Whereas, parking information, email searches and opening hours were more important to returning students. Students most frequently stated that they would like to be able to access bus information.”_

54 (2%) of students commented about what ‘other’ things they would like to see on the mobile website. Some students included more than one thing in their comment. A quick analysis of these revealed the most requested things on the mobile website:
12 votes for timetabling/my.warwick unforeseen changes to timetables
5 votes for events
3 votes for access to emails
3 votes for maps that include rooms/ room searching
3 votes for events at SU
Most popular phones owned by new and returning students:

Resolutions by popularity for the phones above:
240×320 = 463
176×220 = 141
320×240 = 41
After the survey results became available more bus information was added to the mobile website.

What next for the mobile site?
New information is added to the mobile site all the time. Recently a means of finding out the timetabled buses by bus stop has been added, which links out to Network West Midlands information. With new initiatives in the Coventry area this is likely to become real-time information shortly. Finding a mechanism to add more of the frequently changing content, is also a goal. Hooking the mobile site up to the main site such that the main site offers anyone arriving there on a mobile the chance to switch to a mobile-friendly website.